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Q1

©  Wim van den Dungen
Antwerp, 1997 - 2008.


The sayings gospel called "Q" (from the German "Quelle" or "source") is a collection of words spoken by the historical Jesus and written down ca.50 - 75 A.D. This collection has three layers (Q1 is first). This is the entire English text of Q1, following the most recent scholarly investigations by John Kloppenborg (1988), Burton L.Mack (1993) & other members of the Jesus-Seminar (cfr.Funk & Hoover, 1992). My Dutch translation of Q1, more influenced by Nestle-Aland (1979), was based on the research of Denaux & Vervenne (1986) & the translation of Catherine (1996). A French translation, based on Chouraqui (1989) will be made available. This English translation differs only slightly (like in verse 43) from the one proposed by Mack (1993) except for the translation of "God" as "Elohim", "Always give us our bread" instead of Mack's "Give us each day our daily bread" and punctuation. The capitals of certain words as well as the names of the sections are done anew.

Scholars subdivide the text in 7 clusters (I, II ... VII) called : teachings, instructions, confidence in the Father, on speaking out & against anxiety, on personal goods, parables of the Kingdom and the followers of Jesus (Mack, 1993).

In the present study the 21 sections (S1, S2 .... S21) of Q1 are linked with their references in the Gospel of Luke and in Kloppenborg's edition (K) of the complete text of Q (i.e. Q1 + Q2 + Q3). Finally Q1 is subdivided in 91 "verses". They are the semantic units used to structure my comment on Q1.

My interpretation of the words of Jesus is influenced by metaphysics, mysticology & the "tradition" of the qabalah (cfr. Sepher Yetzirah, Bahir, Zohar) and should be distinguished from the "premises" of the Jesus Seminar.

Wim van den Dungen
Antwerp, 1997.

Q1

ca.50 A.D.

These are the words of Jesus.
Seeing the crowds he said to his disciples :

Cluster I : Teachings
Section 1 (S1) : the fortunate
Lc.6:20-21 (K8)

1 "How fortunate are the poor ; they have the Kingdom of Elohim.
2 How fortunate the hungry ; they will be fed.
3 How fortunate those who weep ; they will laugh."

S2 : do good
Lc.6:27-35 (K9)

4 "But to you who hear, I say : love your enemies, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you.
5 If someone slaps you on the cheek, offer the other as well. If anyone grabs your coat, let him have your shirt as well.
6 Give to anyone who asks, and if someone takes away which is yours, do not ask to have it back.
7 As you want people to treat you, do the same to them.
8 For if you love those who love you, what credit is that to you ? Even tax collectors love those who love them, do they not ?
9 And if you embrace only your brothers, what credit is that to you ? Doesn't everybody do that ?
10 And if you lend to those from whom you hope to receive, what credit is that to you ? For wrongdoers also lend to their kind because they expect to be repaid.
11 On the contrary, love your enemies, do good and lend without expecting anything in return. your reward will be great, and you will be children of Elohim. For He makes His sun rise on the evil and on the good ; He sends rain on the just and on the unjust."

S3 : judgement
Lc.6:36-38 - Mt.7:1-2 (K10)

12 "Be merciful even as your Father is merciful.
13 Judge not, and you will not be judged.
14 For you will be judged with the standard you judge with."

S4 : a parable
Lc.6:39-40 (K11)

15 He gave them a parable : "Can the blind lead the blind ? Will they not both fall into a pit ?
16 A student is not above his teacher. It is enough for a student to be like his teacher."

S5 : about hypocrisy
Lc.6:41-42 (K12)

17 "How can you look for the splinter in your brother's eye,
and not notice the stick in your own eye ?
18 How can you say to your brother : 'Brother, let me pull out the splinter in your eye', when you do not see the stick in your own eye ? You hypocrite ! First take the stick from your own eye, and then you can see to remove the splinter that is in your brother's eye."

S6 : the good & the evil fruit
Lc.6:43-45 (K13)

19 "A good tree does not bear rotten fruit ; a rotten tree does not bear good fruit.
20 Are figs gathered from thorns, or grapes from thistles ? Every tree is known by its fruit.
21 The good man produces good things from his store of goods and treasures ; and the evil man evil things. For the mouth speaks from a full heart !"

S7 : hear + act
Lc.6:46-49 (K14)

22 "And why do you call me 'Master, master', and do not do what I say ?
23 Everyone who hears my words and does them, I will show you to whom he is like.
24 He is like a man who built a house on a rock. The rain fell, a torrent broke against the house, and it did not fall, for it had a rock foundation.
25 But everyone who hears my words but does not do them, is like a man who built a house on sand. The rain came, the torrent broke against it, and it collapsed. The ruin of that house was great."

Cluster II : Instructions
S8 : the good choice
Lc.9:57-62 (K21)

26 When someone said to Him : "Master, I will follow you wherever you go."
27 Jesus answered : "Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."
28 When another said : "Let me first go and bury my father."
29 Jesus said : "Leave the dead to bury their dead."
30 Yet another said : "I will follow you, Master, but first let me say farewell to my family."
31 Jesus said to him : "No one who puts his hand to the plow and then looks back is fit for the Kingdom of Elohim."

S9 : sending, blessing & farewell
Lc.10:2-11 (K22)

32 He said : "The harvest is great, but the workers are few ; beg therefore the Master of the harvest to send out workers into His harvest.
33 Go your ways : look, I send you out as lambs among wolves.
34 Do not carry purse, or bag, or sandals, or staff ; and do not greet anyone on the road.
35 Whatever house you enter, say : 'Peace be to this house !'
36 And if a child of peace is there, your peace will rest on him ; if not, let your peace return to you.
37 And stay in the same house, eating and drinking whatever they provide, for the worker deserves his wages. Do not go from house to house.
38 And if you enter a town, and they receive you, eat what is set before you,
39 heal the sick there, and say to them : 'The Kingdom of Elohim has come near to you.'
40 But if you enter a town and they do not receive you, as you leave, shake the dust from your feet and say :
41 'Nevertheless, be sure of this, the Kingdom of Elohim has come to you.'"

Cluster III : Confidence in the Father
S10 : prayer to the Father
Lc.11:2-4 (K27)

42 He said to them : "When you pray, say : 'Father, may your name be holy. May your rule take place.
43 Always give us our bread.
44 Forgive us our debts, for we ourselves forgive everyone that is indebted to us. And lead us away from a trying situation'."

S11 : providence
Lc.11:9-11 (K28)

45 "Ask and it will be given to you ; seek and you will find ; knock and the door will be opened for you.
46 For everyone who asks receives, and the one who seeks finds, and to the one who knocks the door will be opened.
47 What father of yours, if his son ask for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone ?
48 Or if he ask for a fish, will give him a snake ?
49 So, if you, although you are not good, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the Father above give good things to those who ask Him ?"

Cluster IV : On Speaking Out & Against Anxiety
S12 : on openness
Lc.12:2-3 (K35)

50 "For nothing is hidden that will not be made known, or secret that will not come to light.
51 What I tell you in the dark, speak in the light, and what you hear as a whisper, proclaim on the housetops."

S13 : against fear
Lc.12:4 & 12:6-7 (K36)

52 "I say to you my friends : be not afraid of those that kill the body, and after that have nothing more to do.
53 Are five sparrows not sold for two cents ? Yet Elohim does not forget one of them.
54 Even the hairs of your head are all numbered. So don't be afraid. You are worth more than many sparrows."

Cluster V : On Personal Goods
S14 : against greed
Lc.12:13-21 (K40)

55 Someone from the crowd said to him : "Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me."
56 He said to him : "Man, who made me your judge or divider ?"
57 He told them a parable, saying : "The land of a certain rich man produced in abundance.
58 And he thought to himself, saying : 'What should I do, for I have nowhere to store my crops ?'
59 And he said : 'This will I do. I will pull down my barns, and build larger ones, and there I will store all my wheat and my goods,
60 and I will say to my soul : Soul, you have ample goods stored up for many years. Take it easy, eat, drink, and be merry.'
61 But Elohim said to him : 'Foolish man ! This very night you will have to give back your soul. The things you produced, whose will they be ?'
62 That is what happens to he who stores up treasure for himself and is not rich in the sight of Elohim."

S15 : the Divine life
Lc.12:22-31 (K41)

63 And he said to his disciples : "I am telling you : do not worry about your life, what you will eat, or about your body, what you will wear.
64 Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing.
65 Consider the ravens : they do not sow nor reap, they have neither storehouse nor barn, and Elohim feeds them. How much more are you worth than the birds ?
66 Which one of you can add a single day to his life by worrying ?
67 Consider the lilies how they grow : they toil not, they spin not. Yet I say to you, that Solomon in all his splendor was not arrayed like one of these.
68 If then Elohim so clothes the grass that is in the field today and thrown into the oven tomorrow, won't He put clothes on you, faint hearts ?
69 And you, seek not what you will eat or what you will drink, neither be disquieted.
70 For those of the world seek these things, and your Father knows that you need these things.
71 But rather seek the Kingdom of Elohim, and all these things will be yours as well.

S16 : the eternal treasure
Lc.12:33-34 (K42)

72 "Sell your possessions and give alms. Store up a treasure in the heavens for yourselves, where no thief can break in and steal and no moth consumes.
73 For where your treasure is, there your heart will also be."

Cluster VI : Parables of the Kingdom
S17 : other parables
Lc.13:18-21 (K49)

74 He said : "What is the Kingdom of Elohim like ? To what should I compare it ?
75 It is like a grain of mustard which a man took and sowed in his garden, it grew, became a great tree, and the birds of the air made nests in its branches."
76 He also said : "The Kingdom of Elohim is like yeast, which a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, till the whole was leavened."

Cluster VII : The Followers of Jesus
S18 : on balance
Lc.14:11 (K54)

77 "He who glorifies himself will be humiliated, and he who humbles himself will be praised."

S19 : on the banquet
Lc.14:16-22 (K55)

78 "A man once gave a great supper, and invited many.
79 At the time of the banquet he sent his servant to say to those who had been invited : 'Come, for everything is now ready.'
80 But they all began to make excuses. The first said to him : 'I have bought a piece of ground, and I must go and see it. Please excuse me.'
81 And another said : 'I have bought five pair of oxen and I need to check them out. Please excuse me.'
82 And another said : 'I have married a woman and so I can't come.'
83 When the servant came home he reported this to his master. Then the master of the house in anger said to his servant : 'Go out quickly to the streets of the town and bring in as many people as you find.
84 And the servant went out into the streets and brought together everybody he could find.
85 That way the house was filled with guests.'"

S20 : discipleship
Lc.14:26-27 & 17:33 (K56)

86 "Whoever does not hate his father and mother will not be able to learn from me.
Whoever does not hate his son and daughter cannot belong to my school.
87 Whoever does not bear his cross and just follows me, cannot be one of my disciples.
88 Whoever seeks to save his life will lose it ; but whoever loses his life on account of me will preserve it."

S21 : warning
Lc.14:34-35 (K57)

89 "Salt is good : but if salt loses its taste, how to restore it ?
90 It is not good for either the land or the dunghill : people just throw it out.
91 Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear !"

Short Bibliography :

Bultmann, R. : Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht - Göttingen, 1921.
Catherine, L. : De Gelaagde Religie, Hadewijch - Baarn, 1996.
Chouraqui, A. : La Bible, Desclée de Brouwer - Paris, 1989.
Denaux, A. & Vervenne, M. : Synopsis, Brepols - Turnhout, 1986.
De Bijbel, Willibrord Vertaling, 1981, 1992.
Dodd, C.H. : The Parables of the Kingdom, Nisbet - London, 1961.
Funk, R.W. & Hoover, R.W. : Five Gospels, One Jesus : What Did Jesus Really Say ?, Polebridge Press - CA, 1992.
Havener, I. : Q : The Sayings of Jesus, Glazier - Wilmington, 1987.
The Holy Bible, Cambridge University Press - Cambridge, 1986.
Kloppenborg, J. : The Formation of Q : Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections, Fortress Press - Philadelphia, 1987.
Kloppenborg, J. : Q Parallels : Synopsis, Critical Notes and Concordance, Polebridge - CA, 1988.
Kloppenborg, J. : The Q Thomas Reader, Polebridge - CA, 1990.
Mack, B.L. : The Lost Gospel : the Book of Q and Christian Origins, Element - Queensland, 1993.
Nestle-Aland : Novum Testamentum Græce et Latine, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft - Stuttgart, 1979.
Piper, R.A. : Wisdom in the Q Tradition : The Aphoristic Teaching of Jesus, Cambridge University Press - New York, 1989.
Robinson, J.M : "Logoi Sophon : Zur Gattung der Spruchquelle Q" , in : Dinkler, E. (edit) : Zeit und Geschichte, Festschrift R.Bultmann, Tübingen, 1964, pp.77 - 96.
Schweitzer, A. : The Quest for the Historical Jesus, Black - London, 1910.
Wansbrough, H. (edit) : Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition, Sheffield, 1991.
Weiss, B. : The Quellen des Lukasevangeliums, Cotta - Stuttgart, 1907.
Weiss, J. : Jesus' Proclamation of the Kingdom of God, Fortress - Philadelphia, 1971.


                 


          


initiated : 11 XI 1997 - last update : 25 XI 2005 - version n°2

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